Cervical cancer is a malignant disease of the cervix. In most cases, it develops gradually from precancerous changes that are often associated with persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).

Regular screening with Pap smears and HPV testing can detect cellular abnormalities and precancerous lesions at an early stage, allowing them to be treated before they develop into invasive cancer.

Abnormal Pap Smear or Positive HPV Test

An abnormal Pap smear or positive HPV test does not necessarily mean that cervical cancer is present. Depending on the result, however, further evaluation may be recommended.

An important examination in this situation is colposcopy, in which the cervix is carefully examined under magnification. Suspicious areas can be assessed in detail and, when necessary, a targeted biopsy can be taken for histological examination.

This allows precancerous changes to be identified early and treated appropriately.

Symptoms & Diagnosis

Cervical cancer, particularly in its early stages, may cause no symptoms. Possible signs include:

• unusual or irregular vaginal bleeding

• bleeding after sexual intercourse

• bleeding after menopause

• unusual vaginal discharge

• pelvic or lower abdominal pain in more advanced stages

If cervical cancer is suspected, a targeted gynecological examination with colposcopy and histological confirmation is performed. If the diagnosis is confirmed, additional imaging may be required to assess the extent of the disease and determine its stage.

Treatment According to the Stage of Disease

Treatment depends primarily on the stage and extent of the disease, as well as other relevant medical factors.

In very early stages, limited surgical procedures may be sufficient. Depending on the findings, treatment may include conization or further surgical procedures. In selected patients who wish to preserve the possibility of future pregnancy, fertility-preserving treatment options may be considered when oncologically appropriate.

For invasive tumors, more extensive surgery may be required. At other stages of the disease, a combination of radiotherapy and systemic medical treatment may form a central part of therapy.

Specialist Gynecological Oncology Care

As a specialist in gynecological oncology, Dr. Arsenakis has experience in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of precancerous lesions and malignant diseases of the cervix.

Complex cases and the appropriate treatment strategy can be discussed during the weekly Onco-Meeting at IASO in Athens within a team of specialist gynecologic oncologists.

The aim is to ensure that treatment is consistently based on the stage of disease and current oncological standards – from the evaluation of abnormal cervical cell changes to the treatment of confirmed cervical cancer.

In cervical cancer, consistent screening and early detection, precise diagnostics, and stage-appropriate treatment are essential.